Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld

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@article{Winczek_2018,
   doi = {10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.09},
   url = {https://doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.09},
   year = 2018,
   publisher = {The Publishing Office of Czestochowa University of Technology},
   volume = {17},
   number = {1},
   pages = {89--100},
   author = {Jerzy Winczek and  Marek Gucwa and  Krzysztof Makles},
   title = {Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld},
   journal = {Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics}
}

TY  - JOUR
DO  - 10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.09
UR  - https://doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.09
TI  - Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld
T2  - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics
JA  - J Appl Math Comput Mech
AU  - Winczek, Jerzy
AU  - Gucwa, Marek
AU  - Makles, Krzysztof
PY  - 2018
PB  - The Publishing Office of Czestochowa University of Technology
SP  - 89
EP  - 100
IS  - 1
VL  - 17
SN  - 2299-9965
SN  - 2353-0588
ER  - 

Winczek, J., Gucwa, M., & Makles, K. (2018). Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics, 17(1), 89-100. doi:10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.09

Winczek, J., Gucwa, M. & Makles, K., 2018. Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics, 17(1), pp.89-100. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.09

[1]J. Winczek, M. Gucwa and K. Makles, "Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld," Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 89-100, 2018.

Winczek, Jerzy, Marek Gucwa, and Krzysztof Makles. "Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics 17.1 (2018): 89-100. CrossRef. Web.

1. Winczek J, Gucwa M, Makles K. Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics. The Publishing Office of Czestochowa University of Technology; 2018;17(1):89-100. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.09

Winczek, Jerzy, Marek Gucwa, and Krzysztof Makles. "Analysis of thermal cycles and phase transformations during multi-pass arc weld surfacing of steel casts taking into account heat of the weld." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics 17, no. 1 (2018): 89-100. doi:10.17512/jamcm.2018.1.09

ANALYSIS OF THERMAL CYCLES AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS DURING MULTI-PASS ARC WELD SURFACING OF STEEL CASTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT HEAT OF THE WELD

Jerzy Winczek, Marek Gucwa, Krzysztof Makles

Institute of Mechanical Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology
Czestochowa, Poland
winczek@imipkm.pcz.czest.pl, mgucwa@spaw.pcz.pl, krzymakles@gmail.com

Received: 2 January 2018; Accepted: 14 February 2018

Abstract. In this work, a model of phase transformations during multipass weld surfaced steel casts is presented. In the temperature field calculation algorithm, the influence of the heat of overlaying beads and a self-cooling of previously overlayed beads have been taken into account. The fusion area, full and part transformation zones, by solidus, A₁ and A₃ and A₁ temperatures has been determined, respectively. The temperatures of the beginning and the end of the phase changes during cooling were determined on the basis of the time-temperature-transformation welding diagram. In the phase change kinetic description, the JMAK law and KM formula were used. Theoretical considerations are illustrated by example of volume share calculations of particular structural components during the weld surfaced 230-450 W steel cast. The results of computation in the graphical forms are presented: welding thermal cycle diagrams and structural share change histories at selected points, as well as temperature and the phase share distributions in cross section.

MSC 2010: 74F05, 74A50, 80A20

Keywords: surface treatment, temperature field, phase transformations, welding, surfacing

1. Introduction

Regeneration of machine parts that undergo intense wear during exploitation, especially within heavy working machines, are carried out mainly by welding technology. Modeling of thermo-mechanical states in the surfacing or rebuilding by welding requires the calculations of temperature field, the calculation of the structural shares as a result of phase transformations, as well as temporary and residual stresses. A repair or regeneration of castings is often performed by the use of welding techniques. In this scope, intense research on overlaying welding (rebuilding, hard surfacing) is carried out. In the modeling of these processes, the analysis of thermo-mechanical states of castings is also considered.

In most analytical and numerical solutions of the differential heat conduction equation, the single-distributed heat source model is adopted [1-12]. The use of such a heat source model does not allow one to get the irregular shape of the fusion line. There are few works completely modeling thermo-mechanical phenomena during multi-pass welding that take into account changeable temperature field phase transformations using FEM [13-19]. In a few works [20-23] only results of experimental investigation have been presented.

During multi-pass welding (rebuilding, hard surfacing), subsequent electrode transitions heat up previously made welds and also melt them. Multiple welding thermal cycles often cause several phase transformations, which result in structural differentiation of the material in the heat affected zone.

2. The model of temperature field

In the calculation of the temperature field, the bimodal heat source model has been applied. The heat density distribution of this source is the sum of the heat distributions caused by the following models: the heat source model of the melted electrode and the heat source model of heat induced by direct action of the electric arc. The total amount of heat generated in the process is the sum of heat transferred through the molten electrode and emitted by an electric arc, which can be recorded as follows:

(1)

where: ΔT_a(x,y,z,t) - the temperature increase caused by heat emitted by an electric arc, ΔT_w(x,y,z,t) - the temperature increase caused by the heat transferred through molten electrode to reinforcement.

Temperature field description caused by the Gaussian heat source model of the electric arc impact is shown in [24]. The heat source model of the melted electrode and the temperature field induced by action of this heat source are described in [25].

In the temperature field calculation during multi-pass weld surfacing, the heating up from previously made welds and cooling of previously heated areas have been taken into account. The temperature field of multi-pass overlaying welding (Fig. 1) during the overlaying of the k-th pad weld is expressed by the relationship:

(2)

where: DT_j^C - a increase in temperature caused by already previously overlayed j-th bead, DT_j^H - temperature increase during padding of the k-th bead.

Fig. 1. The multi-pass overlaying welding scheme

Whereas after application of all beads, the relationship for the temperature calculation is as follows:

(3)

3. Kinetics of phase transformation in solid state

In quantification, the progress of phase transformations in steel during the thermal welding cycle is described by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami’s and Kolomogorov’s (JMAK) formula [26, 27] for diffusive transformation and Koistinen-Marburger (KM) rule for martensitic transformation [28]. During heating, the phase transformations of the initial structure into austenite occur after exceeding the critical temperature A₁, and end at the temperature A₃. The volume participation of austenite j_A created during heating is calculated in relation to the temperature of the process in to the temperatures A₁ and A₃. The amount of created austenite is defined by the JMAK rule [26]:

(4)

where j_j⁰ denotes initial volumetric share (j º F - ferrite, j º P - pearlite, j º B - bainite), j_A⁰ denotes the amount of residual austenite remaining from the previous welding thermal cycle. The constant b_j and n_j are determined depending on the values A₁ and A₃:

(5)

(6)

In multi-pass welding, the volume shares of particular structures during cooling, the temperature, cooling rate, and the share of austenite (incomplete autenitization 0 £ j_A £ 1) are dependent. To describe the kinetics of the transformation of austenite into ferrite, pearlite or bainite during cooling, the principle of additivity can be applied, and then the volume fraction of the newly formed phase j_j is expressed by [27]:

(7)

where: j_j⁰ - volume share of j-th structural constituent, which earlier has not been transformed into austenite, φ_j^max - the maximum volume fraction of phase j-th dependent on cooling rate, determined on the basis of the TTT - diagram (Fig. 2). The sum of structural constituent shares equals:

(8)

and k - the number of structural constituents.

Fig. 2. Diagram of phase transformations of supercooled austenite depending on the cooling rate within temperature between 800-500°C

The quantitative description of material structure dependence on temperature and transformation time of supercooled austenite is made on the basis of a time-temperature-transformation welding diagram for continuous cooling (TTT - welding diagram). In this diagram, the progress of the phase transformation depends on the process temperature and the cooling time t_8/5 (material time between 500°C and 800°C) or the cooling rate v_8/5, which is the material cooling velocity between 500°C and 800°C (v_8/5 = (800-500)/t_8/5). The temperatures of the beginning and end of the austenite transformation into cooling structures, as well as the t_8/5 can also be determined by means of analytical dependiences [29]. Replacing the time t in the equation (7) by the new variable - the temperature T [30], the equation for volume share of constituent will be written as follows:

(9)

where

(10)

(11)

j_j - volume share of the created structural constituent, j º F - ferrite, j º P - pearlite, j º B - bainite), T_j^s = T_j^s(v_8/5) and T_j^f = T_j^f(v_8/5) - start and final temperature of the transformation of this constituent, respectively, j_j^max - the maximal contribution of the structural constituent j, which will be created from the supercooled austenite for specified v_8/5.

The volume share of martensite j_M formed from austenite for process temperature T below M_s (initial temperature of martensitic transformation) is calculated using the Koistinen-Marburger rule [28]:

(12)

where

(13)

where: M_f - temperature of the end of martensitic transformation, .

4. Tempearature field and phase share calculations

Numerical simulations of the temporary temperature field and phase changes are conducted for the prismatic 230-450 W steel cast of length 0.5 m, width 0.2 m, thickness 0.03 m.

In the simulation, 6 welds are applied in the middle part of a welded element (the coordinate of weld beginning x₀ = 0.15 m) of length l = 0.5 m. The surfaced area on the top surface of the plate with a sequence of the weld padding is presented in Figure 3, where a horizontal dashed line denotes the location of a cross section, at which the analysis of the temperature distribution, welding thermal cycles and phase shares was performed.

In the calculations, the following are assumed: welding speed v = 0.042 m/min, electrode wire diameter d = 1.2 mm, wire speed v_e = 7.8 m/min, the electrode wire temperature T_e = 100°C (which is equal to the temperature of the welding head) and T_L = 2500°C - temperature at which a drop of molten material is detached from the electrode. The shape of the weld face was determined by a parabola [31] with height h_w = 2.77 and width of the reinforcement w_w = 11.93 mm. A welding overlap was obtained assuming the distance between axes of beads equal to 8 mm.

Fig. 3. The scheme of the weld surfaced plate top with the weld padding sequence

In numerical simulation the heat source power 3500 W is used, which corresponds to the welding parameters: voltage U = 24.3 V, current I = 232 A at the efficiency coefficient h = 0.6. In the model of a heat source with the Gaussian distribution corresponding to the action of the electric arc, the following values were adopted: t₀ = 0.001 s and z₀ = 0.0062 m. The maximum temperature isotherms achieved in the cross-section (x = 0.25 m) during the entire welding process are shown in Figure 4. Isotherms of solidus, A₃ and A₁ allow one to determine characteristic heat affected zones (Fig. 5). Solidus temperature of 1493°C determines the fusion line, and the temperatures A₁ = 720°C and A₃ = 835°C determine austenitic transformation zones: partial (between A₁ and A₃) and full (above A₃) - Figure 5. In the figure, the selected cross section points were marked, for which an analysis of the welding thermal cycles and phase transformations were performed.

Fig. 4. Maximum temperature field

Fig. 5. Cross section with determined heat affected zones

Figures 6-8 present heat cycles in points 1, 2 and 3. In all of the drawings, the peaks illustrate maximum temperatures during subsequent weld beads. In point 1, the temperature of the cast material exceeds the austenitizing temperature during the second and fifth weld beads, and then the material is melted twice during application of these beads.

Fig. 6. Thermal welding cycles at point 1 Fig. 7. Thermal welding cycles at point 2

Fig. 8. Thermal welding cycles at point 3

In point 2, the temperature while applying these welds exceeds twice the full austenitizing temperature. In point 3, the material is not melted, but when making a second weld bead, it exceeds the temperature of full austenitization. In weld bead 4, the temperature exceeds the temperature A₁ but does not exceed the temperature A₃, which leads to incomplete austenite conversion during the fifth weld bead.

The phase transformations kinetics during heating are limited by the temperatures A₁ of the beginning and A₃ the end of the austenite transformation. In the case of iron and steel casts, mainly continuous cooling diagrams are made, starting slightly above the temperature of A₃ and in which the cooling rate is not constant in the range of 800-500°C. A TTT-welding diagram for steel cast 230-450 W is difficult to find. In the calculations, the TTT diagram for S235 steel (Fig. 9) [32] has been adopted, the chemical composition of which is the closest to the 230-450 W cast steel. The initial and end temperatures of phase transformations during cooling on the basis of this diagram have been determined.

Fig. 9. TTT-welding diagram for S235 steel

The applied computational model allows one to determine the shares of partic-ular phases at any point of the element for any chosen time. After completion of the surfacing process (the material cools) the calculated percentage of bainite in the weld area ranges from 63 to 100% (Fig. 10). The largest share of bainite was determined in areas where single austenitization occurred. In the zones where the secondary austenitization occurred when making subsequent weld beads, the share of bainite amounts to between 60 to 70%.

Fig. 10. Volume fraction of bainite after surfacing

Fig. 11. Volume fraction of pearlite after surfacing

Fig. 12. Volume fraction of ferrite after surfacing

The share of pearlite in the complete transformation zone and fusion zone is 12% and grows to the value of 30% in the incomplete transformation zone in the area of parent material (Fig. 11) and the share of ferrite from 28% in the weld to 70% in the area of parent material (Fig. 12). The changes in phase shares at selected points of the cross section (comp. Fig. 5) are presented in Figures 13-15.

Fig. 13. Volume phase fractions at point 1

Fig. 14. Volume phase fractions at point 2

Fig. 15. Volume phase fractions at point 3

5. Conclusions

Overlaying welding is a process during which the melted electrode material is applied to the surface of the welded object constituting a supplementary heat source to the electric arc. This additional heat source must be taken into account in the calculation of the temperature field. In the article, the description of the temperature field in the massive body during the weld surfacing is presented. The total heat source was determined by summing up the thermal radiation of the electric arc and the heat of the molten electrode transferred to the padding weld.

The presented analytical approaches allow for the computation of the volumetric participation of the structural phases during multipass GMAW surfacing or rebuilding of the steel cast. The consequent applied model allows for the determination of HAZ (including full and partial transformation zones, fusion zone), welding thermal cycles, the change of volume phase participations of the structural components, the size and the structural composition of the material in HAZ, the effect of the temperature field on the structural composition during the deposition process at any point of GMAW surfaced object.

The presented model of temperature field and phase change calculation can be used for further analysis of thermal and mechanical states of multi-pass surfaced, hard faced and built up steel casts, amount of other strains, deformations and stresses.

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