Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod
Ewa Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak
,Tomasz Skrzypczak
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics |
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@article{Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak_2017, doi = {10.17512/jamcm.2017.4.08}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2017.4.08}, year = 2017, publisher = {The Publishing Office of Czestochowa University of Technology}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {79--86}, author = {Ewa Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak and Tomasz Skrzypczak}, title = {Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod}, journal = {Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics} }
TY - JOUR DO - 10.17512/jamcm.2017.4.08 UR - https://doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2017.4.08 TI - Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod T2 - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics JA - J Appl Math Comput Mech AU - Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak, Ewa AU - Skrzypczak, Tomasz PY - 2017 PB - The Publishing Office of Czestochowa University of Technology SP - 79 EP - 86 IS - 4 VL - 16 SN - 2299-9965 SN - 2353-0588 ER -
Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak, E., & Skrzypczak, T. (2017). Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics, 16(4), 79-86. doi:10.17512/jamcm.2017.4.08
Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak, E. & Skrzypczak, T., 2017. Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics, 16(4), pp.79-86. Available at: https://doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2017.4.08
[1]E. Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak and T. Skrzypczak, "Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod," Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 79-86, 2017.
Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak, Ewa, and Tomasz Skrzypczak. "Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics 16.4 (2017): 79-86. CrossRef. Web.
1. Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak E, Skrzypczak T. Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics. The Publishing Office of Czestochowa University of Technology; 2017;16(4):79-86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17512/jamcm.2017.4.08
Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak, Ewa, and Tomasz Skrzypczak. "Analytical and numerical solution of the heat conduction problem in the rod." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics 16, no. 4 (2017): 79-86. doi:10.17512/jamcm.2017.4.08
ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM IN THE ROD
Ewa Węgrzyn-Skrzypczak 1, Tomasz Skrzypczak 2
1
Institute of Mathematics, Czestochowa University of Technology
Czestochowa, Poland
2 Institute of Mechanics and Machine Design Fundamentals
Czestochowa University of Technology,
Czestochowa, Poland
ewa.skrzypczak@im.pcz.pl, t.skrzypczak@imipkm.pcz.pl
Received: 20 October 2017;
Accepted: 16 November 2017
Abstract. In this paper, the results of analytical and numerical solution of the problem of heat transport in the rod of finite length are presented. The analytical solution is obtained with the use of the Fourier series. The numerical model of the problem is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). In addition, to check the compatibility of both solutions, distributions of the temperature for selected time moments are compared and discussed.
MSC 2010: 35K05,35K51, 65M60
Keywords: heat conduction equation, Fourier’s method, Finite Element Method
1. Introduction
During the investigation of the physical or technical processes, one strives to find the rules governing the process and derive the analytical expressions describing the functional dependencies between the variables. In physics most of the laws of nature can be written in the form of differential equations [1].
In order to find the solution of differential equations, the analytical methods are used, which allow one to find a solution in the form of equations determining the sought quantity expressed by elementary functions. Such a form of solution makes it possible to obtain any results of the boundary value problem by means of mathe-matical analysis tools [1]. Unfortunately, in many cases, the complexity of the considered problem (e.g. the irregularity of the examined area or the complexity of the partial differential equations) makes it impossible to obtain the analytical solutions. The only alternative in this situation is to use one of many numerical methods (e.g. finite difference method, finite element method [2, 3]) to find the approximate solution of the problem [4-8].
However, the results of the numerical method require verification. The best way to validate the results obtained with the use of the numerical method is the com- parison with the analytical solution of the considered problem. In the case of good agreement of compared analytical and numerical solutions one has the proof that the numerical method is mathematically correct.
2. Formulation of the problem
The heat conduction problem in the finite rod
of length lying on the x-axis is considered. The ends of the rod are located
at the points
and
respec-
tively. The end A of the rod is thermally insulated, while the
opposite end B is kept at
constant temperature
. It is assumed that the temperature on the
cross-sectional area of the rod is uniform due to its small dimensions.
At the time
, the initial temperature distribution
along the rod is defined by the function
, where
. The temperature in the rod is the
function of position and time
[1, 9]. The scheme
of the problem is presented in Figure 1.
Fig. 1. Scheme of the problem
The transient heat transfer in the rod is described by the equation of heat conduction [3, 10, 11] in the form shown below:
![]() | (1) |
The coefficient a2 is described by the following relation:
![]() | (2) |
where:
- temperature,
- time,
- the coefficient of thermal
conductivity,
-
specific heat,
-
density.
Equation (1) is supplemented by the boundary conditions of the first and second kind [3, 10, 11]:
![]() | (3) |
![]() | (4) |
The initial condition is also defined:
![]() | (5) |
3. Analytical solution
In order to determine the analytical solution
of equation (1) with the boundary conditions (3), (4), the new function is introduced [10]:
![]() | (6) |
Consequently, the boundary conditions (3), (4) take the form:
![]() | (7) |
![]() | (8) |
while the initial condition (5) is presented below:
![]() | (9) |
Now, equation (1) can be written in the following form:
![]() | (10) |
The solution of equation (10) is obtained
with the use of the Fourier method [10] in the
form of the function of two variables (11), where the first depends on while the second is
the function of
:
![]() | (11) |
By substituting relation (11) into equation (10) and by dividing
it by
the following relation is obtained:
![]() | (12) |
where the
value of is constant. Further equations are
obtained from equation (12):
![]() | (13) |
![]() | (14) |
By substituting the solutions of the equations (13), (14) into (11) and by using the conditions (7), (8) the following equation is obtained [10]:
![]() | (15) |
where is constant. Using condition (9) and assuming that
meets the condi-
tions of expansion in the Fourier series and additionally
, the following analytical solution of equation (1) can be
written in the form shown below:
![]() | (16) |
where: for
.
4. Numerical solution
To obtain a numerical
solution of equation (1), the finite element method is used [2, 3]. Equation
(1) is multiplied by the weighting function and
integrated over the length of the rod:
![]() | (17) |
Using integration by parts (18), (19) the first term in equation (17) may be written in the form (20).
![]() | (18) |
![]() | (19) |
![]() | (20) |
Heat flux
at the points
and
is defined as follows:
![]() | (21) |
Finally, the weak form of the equation of heat conduction takes the following form:
![]() | (22) |
Equation (22) is
discretized over the space with the use of the Galerkin method where the
weighting functions are the same as the shape functions N of the
finite elements. Then the implicit time integration scheme is used to obtain a
global set of equations. The final form of the global FEM equation is shown
below [9]:
![]() | (23) |
where:
is the global thermal conductivity matrix,
- global heat
capacity
matrix,
- right hand side vector,
- time step,
- time level.
5. Examples of calculation
The solutions of equation (1) are obtained using the boundary conditions (3), (4), the initial condition (5) and the material properties presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Parameters used in calculations
T0 [K] |
300 |
l [m] |
0.05 |
λ [J m–1 s–1 K–1] |
54.42 |
ρ [kg m–3] |
7200 |
c [J kg–1 K–1] |
544 |
a2 [m2 s–1] |
1.39·10–5 |
In Figures 2 and 3, the results of the analytical solution obtained with the use of the Fourier series and numerical model of the problem based on the FEM are shown.
Fig. 2. Analytical solution for selected time moments
Fig. 3. Numerical solution for selected time moments
Also, to check compatibility of both solutions, in Figure 4 temperature distri- butions obtained as a result of both solutions for selected time moments are presented.
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
Fig. 4. Temperature distributions obtained as a result of analytical and numerical solutions for 0.125 s (a), 0.5 s (b), 1 s (c), 10 s (d), 60 s (e), 240 s (f)
6. Conclusions
The analysis of obtained results confirms the good compatibility of both models, which proves their correctness. Changes of temperature distribution due to time are clearly visible. The differences in the temperature distributions gradually decrease as time passes and vanish almost completely at the end of the process. The numerical solution is obtained for the mesh containing 101 nodes, while only 100 consecutive terms are used to obtain an analytical solution. Increasing the number of nodes in the first case and the number of terms in the second do not improve the results significantly.
Built models can be modified in a relatively simple way to solve two-dimens-ional and three-dimensional heat conduction problems. In this case, the analytical method will be limited to simple geometry, but in the case of a numerical model such constraints do not exist.
References
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